Sand to Sentence — the machine-intelligence stack

A self-guided descent through 27 strata

Every AI answer
begins as sand.

Between a quartz seam in North Carolina and a sentence on your screen sit roughly 27 layers of civilisation — crucibles and crystal pullers, tin-plasma light sources, copper damascene, stacked memory, cold plates, gas turbines, all-reduce collectives, preference data, attention heads, and finally a person deciding whether the answer was worth anything. This is the whole chain, one layer at a time, with the companies that own each link.

01 · lithosphere 27 · return & residue
How to read this

Each stratum is a layer of the stack; each station inside it is a distinct technology, process or market with its own physics and its own incumbents. The coloured pips on a card are a criticality read — how concentrated and how substitutable that link is. Three magenta pips means a genuine single point of failure for the whole industry.

Figures reflect public reporting through mid-2026 and move fast — treat capacities, valuations and roadmap dates as of that vintage, not as live data. Company lists are illustrative of who matters at each link, not exhaustive or ranked, and nothing here is investment advice. Built as a map for understanding, not a database of record.

The dependency web

Every station, stacked by depth. Hover a node to light its supply cone; click to open it. Drag to pan, scroll to zoom.

what it needs (upstream) what it feeds (downstream) zoom in to read names
CompanyWhat it does here StationBase